The origin of the electromagnetic wave equation Conservation of chargeĬonservation of charge requires that the time rate of change of the total charge enclosed within a volume V must equal the net current flowing into the surface S enclosing the volume: Is the refractive index of the medium, is the magnetic permeability of the medium, and is the electric permittivity of the medium. The speed of light in a linear, isotropic, and non-dispersive material medium is The magnetic constant and the vacuum permittivity are important physical constants that play a key role in electromagnetic theory. If the wave propagation is in vacuum, then
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